基于磁混凝沉淀工藝的高濃度非穩態含磷廢水處理效能與調控機制研究
趙安然1，高熙陽2，李寧2，馬洪璐3，陳北洋1*
（1. 華電水務科技股份有限公司，北京；2. 華電水務秦皇島有限公司，秦皇島；3. 華電水務（天津）有限公司，天津）
摘要：針對某市政污水處理廠進水中工業廢水占比高、總磷濃度波動大（1-23 mg/L）的突出問題，本研究構建深度處理強化除磷系統，采用“平流式二沉池+一體化集成式磁混凝沉淀系統”技術路線，通過優化磁粉、混凝劑及助凝劑的投加量，實現了出水總磷穩定達到0.3 mg/L以下，優于設計出水標準（0.5 mg/L）。運行結果表明，該工藝對高濃度非穩態含磷廢水具有顯著處理效果，總磷去除率提升10%以上，具有抗沖擊負荷能力強（可承受1.5倍設計流量）、占地面積小（較常規工藝減少40%）、啟動快（調試周期≤7天）等技術優勢。經濟效益分析顯示，系統的單位水處理成本大約為0.2元/m³。其中，藥劑費用為0.158元/m³，較傳統工藝的藥劑成本降低60%；電耗費用約為0.05元/m³。本研究系統闡述了工藝設計參數、改造方案及調試要點，創新性地采用SV泥位自動檢測儀實現精準控制，解決了傳統超聲波污泥界面計運行不穩定的問題。研究成果為污水處理廠提標改造提供了技術參考，對推動污水處理行業減污降碳協同增效具有積極意義。
關鍵詞：磁混凝沉淀、高濃度含磷廢水、非穩態進水、除磷效能、模塊化集成、
運行調控、污水處理
Abstract: In response to the prominent issues of high industrial wastewater proportion and significant fluctuations in total phosphorus (TP) concentration (1-23 mg/L) in the influent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, this study constructed an advanced treatment system for enhanced phosphorus removal. The technical approach of "horizontal flow secondary sedimentation tank + integrated magnetic coagulation sedimentation system" was adopted. By optimizing the dosage of magnetic powder, coagulant , and flocculant , the effluent TP was consistently maintained below 0.3 mg/L, surpassing the designed effluent standard (0.5 mg/L). Operational results demonstrate that this process exhibits remarkable treatment efficiency for high-concentration non-steady-state phosphorus-containing wastewater, with a total phosphorus removal rate improvement exceeding 10%. The system demonstrates technical advantages including strong resistance to shock loads (capable of withstanding 1.5 times the design flow rate), compact footprint (40% reduction compared to conventional processes), and rapid start-up (commissioning period ≤ 7 days). Economic analysis indicates that the unit water treatment cost of the system is approximately 0.2 CNY/m³. Specifically, chemical costs amount to 0.158 CNY/m³, representing a 60% reduction compared to traditional processes, while electricity consumption costs are around 0.05 CNY/m³. This study systematically elaborates on process design parameters, retrofit solutions, and commissioning essentials, innovatively employing SV sludge level detectors for precise control, effectively addressing the operational instability issues of traditional ultrasonic sludge interface detectors. The research outcomes provide technical references for wastewater treatment plant upgrade projects and contribute positively to promoting synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the wastewater treatment industry.
Key words: Magnetic coagulation sedimentation, High-concentration phosphorus-containing wastewater, Non-steady-state influent, Phosphorus removal efficiency, Modular integration, Commissioning, Wastewater treatment
0 引言
隨著我國工業化和城市化的快速推進，全國污水排放量增速迅猛。根據我國住房城鄉建設部發布的《2023年中國城市建設狀況公報》及《2023年城市建設統計年鑒》，截至2023年底，我國城市污水排放總量達到了660.5億立方米，污水處理總量達到了651.9億立方米，污水處理率高達98.69%。在2018-2023年期間，污水排放總量和污水處理總量年均增長率分別為4.6%和5.3%[1]。在污水排放中，過量的磷元素是引發水體富營養化的關鍵因素之一，嚴重威脅著生態系統的穩定性和水資源的可持續利用。《城鎮污水處理廠污染物排放標準》（GB 18918-2002）標準在全國廣泛執行，其中一級A標準規定的污水處理廠出水總磷濃度排放限值為0.5mg/L。部分經濟相對發達且對生態環境期望值高的地區，結合區域水環境特征，制定并執行了更為嚴格的排放標準，對出水總磷的管控日益嚴格。例如，北京市地方標準《城鎮污水處理廠水污染物排放標準》（DB11/890-2012）中A標準規定，新（改、擴）建城鎮污水處理廠出水總磷不得超過0.2mg/L；天津市地方標準《污水綜合排放標準》（DB11/356-2018）則規定，一級標準的出水總磷需低于0.3mg/L。
